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Operating System User's Guide
About this book
How this book is organized
How can we improve this book?
Using SCO Shell
Starting SCO Shell
What the SCO Shell screen areas do
Using menus in SCO Shell
Canceling an operation
Error messages
Getting help in SCO Shell
Using the accelerator keys
Using a mouse
Quitting SCO Shell
Managing files with SCO Shell
Files and directories
Using subdirectories
Pathnames
The current directory
Naming and organizing files and directories
Using the Manager menu
Selecting files
Choosing files
Changing directories
Using wildcard characters
Using the Manager menu options
Looking at a file
Changing the appearance of windows
Changing the content of the File window
Editing a file
Editing commands
Pop-up list of extra edit-mode commands
Managing files
Copying files
Renaming and moving files
Removing files
Finding files
Managing file permissions
Recovering erased files
Managing directories
Changing the current directory
Creating a new directory
Removing an empty directory
Changing directory permissions
Copying files to and from tape or disk
Preparing to use removable media
Formatting a disk or tape
Copying files to disk or tape
Listing files on disk or tape
Extracting files from disk or tape
Specifying the type of format for archiving
Specifying the archive device address
Using the clipboard from the Manager menu
Setting preferences for text editing
Exiting the Manager menu
Running utilities and applications
What utilities are available
Adding a utility to the list
What applications are available
Adding an application to the list
Copying items between applications with the clipboard
Printing files
Displaying or canceling print jobs
Selecting a printer
SCO Shell accessories
Using the Calendar
Starting the Calendar
Quitting from the Calendar
Moving between days
After selecting the new date
Returning to the current date
Scheduling a meeting or event
Scheduling single events
Scheduling repeating events
Selecting Public or Private access
Notifying invitees about an event
Changing or deleting a repeating event
Searching for free time
Choosing a free time
Resolving scheduling conflicts
Scheduling timeless events
Scheduling durationless events
Adding ``To do'' items to the Calendar
Changing an event
Deleting an event
Viewing the Calendar
Viewing an event
Viewing a week
Viewing a month
Viewing a range of dates
Viewing a free-time list
Printing the calendar
Printing an event
Printing calendars for a day, week, or month
Selecting an alternative printer
Transferring information from the Calendar to other applications
Transferring an event
Transferring events for a day, week, or month
Transferring events from a range of dates
Setting Calendar options
Accessing other calendars
Creating a new calendar
Setting calendar preferences
Setting permissions on the current calendar
Deleting a calendar
Renaming a calendar
Managing aliases
Adding an alternative calendar to your Application List
Resolving problems with Calendar information
Using the Calculator
Starting the Calculator
Calculator commands
Using the Calculator's features
Simple arithmetic
Scrolling the tape
Storing numbers in memory
Negative numbers
Percentages
If you enter the wrong number
Exiting the Calculator
Working with files and directories
Getting to the command prompt
Files and directories
Using files
Using directories
File and directory attributes
How the system manages files and directories
Filenaming conventions
Managing directories
How directories are organized
An example: what the system contains
Creating a directory
Listing the contents of a directory
Renaming a directory
Copying a directory
Removing a directory
Comparing directories
Navigating the filesystem
Finding out where you are in the system
Changing directory
Returning to your home directory
Creating links to files and directories
Creating a link to a file
Finding out whether a file has hard links
Creating a link to a directory
Navigating symbolic links
Mounting a filesystem
Managing files
Finding out what type of data a file contains
Looking at the contents of a file
Finding out how much text is in a file
Looking at the beginning and end of a file
Copying a file
Moving or renaming a file
Removing a file
Removing files with difficult names
Comparing files
Sorting the contents of a file
Searching for text in a file
Finding files
Retrieving deleted files
Keeping old versions of files
Undeleting files
Cleaning up your filesystem
Specifying command input and output
Forcing a program to read standard input and output
Running a sequence of commands
Entering commands on the same line
Running commands in a pipeline
Access control for files and directories
Changing file permissions
Setting the default permissions for a new file
Giving a file to someone else
Finding out your group
Changing your current group
Changing the group of a file
Printing a file
Printing several copies of a file
Selecting a printer
Displaying a list of current print jobs
Canceling a print request
Getting help on the command line
Getting help when you are uncertain of the topic
Editing files
A quick tour of vi
Starting vi
Entering text
What to do if you get stuck
Saving files and quitting vi
Moving around a file
Deleting and restoring text
Restoring deleted text
Using the deletion buffers
Searching for text
Replacing and modifying text
Substituting text
Performing global substitutions
Specifying addresses
Confirming substitutions
Repeating and undoing commands
Including the contents of another file
Accessing the shell
Editing more than one file
Using buffers to cut and paste text
Placing markers
Using keyboard shortcuts
Running other programs from inside vi
Sending text through a filter
Defining abbreviations
Storing a command in a buffer
Mapping key sequences
Assigning commands to a key sequence
Assigning insertions to a key sequence
Changing modes within a mapped command
Configuring vi
Saving frequently used commands
Using ed
Starting ed
Saving files and quitting ed
Moving around in ed
Editing text in ed
Controlling processes
What is a process?
Finding out what processes are running
Background jobs and job numbers
Waiting for background jobs to finish before proceeding
Finding out what jobs are running
Killing a process
Suspending a job
Moving background jobs to the foreground
Moving foreground jobs to the background
Keeping a process running after you log off
Using signals under the UNIX system
Reducing the priority of a process
Identifying the niceness of a process
Scheduling your processes
Running processes at some time in the future
Executing processes at regular intervals
Delaying the execution of a process
Working with DOS
DOS devices under the UNIX system
DOS filenames
Listing DOS files in standard DOS format
Listing DOS files in a UNIX system format
Copying DOS files between DOS and SCO OpenServer systems
Displaying a DOS file
Converting DOS files to and from UNIX system file format
Automatic file conversions when using DOS utilities
Removing a DOS file
Creating a DOS directory
Removing a DOS directory
Formatting a DOS floppy
Using mounted DOS filesystems
Accessing DOS partitions on a second disk
Points to note when using files on a mounted DOS filesystem
Working with disks, tapes, and CD-ROMs
Using UNIX devices
Identifying device files
Default devices
Using floppy disk drives
Formatting floppy disks
Determining how many disks you need for a backup
Using tapes
Formatting tapes
Rewinding, erasing, and retensioning tapes
Using CD-ROMs
Creating a backup with tar
Listing the files in a tar backup
Extracting files from a tar backup
Creating a backup with cpio
Listing the files in a cpio backup
Extracting files from a cpio backup
Using UUCP and dialup commands
Transferring files between UNIX systems
Using the uucp command
Transferring files to systems that are not connected directly to your own
Checking the status of pending file transfers
Transferring files to a public directory using uuto
Retrieving files from the public directory
Executing commands on remote UNIX systems
Dialing up remote systems
Connecting to a remote terminal
Using two computers at the same time
Transferring text files with take and put
Using a secure system
How system security works
Login security
What to do if you cannot log in
Password security
Changing your password
If you are not allowed to change your password
If you are allowed to change your password
File security
Security for files in sticky directories
Other security tips
Using su to access another account
Using commands on a trusted system
Authorizations
Listing authorizations and running authorized commands
Data encryption
crypt--encode/decode files
Configuring and working with the shells
What is a shell?
What the different shells are for
Identifying your login shell
What happens when you log in
Understanding variables
Setting shell variables
Setting environment variables
Exporting variables to the environment
A sample login script
Resetting the environment
Some features to make life easier
Making your prompt tell you where you are
Adding a logout script
Recalling and editing previous commands
Korn shell history editing
C shell history editing
Using aliases
How aliases are executed
How the shell works
How the shell executes commands
Automating frequent tasks
Creating a shell script
Running a script under any shell
Writing a short shell script: an example
Passing arguments to a shell script
Performing arithmetic and comparing variables
Performing arithmetic on variables in the Korn shell
Sending a message to a terminal
The echo command
The print command (Korn shell only)
More about redirecting input and output
Getting input from a file or a terminal
Reading a single character from a file or a terminal
Attaching a file to a file descriptor
What to do if something goes wrong
Solving problems with the environment
Solving problems with your script
What to do if your shell script fails
Writing a readability analysis program: an example
How to structure a program
Making a command repeat: the for loop
Getting options from the command line: getopts
Repeating commands zero or more times: the while loop
Repeating commands one or more times: the until loop
Making choices and testing input
Choosing one of two options: the if statement
Different kinds of test
Testing exit values
The && and || operators
Making multiway choices: the case statement
Generating a simple menu: the select statement
Expanding the example: counting words
Making menus
Assigning variables default values
Tuning script performance
How programs perform
How to control program performance
Number of processes generated
Number of data bytes accessed
Shortening data files
Shortening directory searches
Directory-search order and the PATH variable
Recommended ways to set up directories
Putting everything together
Readability analysis
Extending the example
Other useful examples
Mail tools
Count the number of messages in MMDF mail folder
Print the header lines of every message in a folder
Mail a large file, in pieces
File tools
Return the total size of a group of files
Compress a batch of files concurrently
Useful routines
Locking files
Context sensitive scripts
Regular expressions
Literal characters in regular expressions
Metacharacters in regular expressions
Wildcard characters
Editor regular expressions
Escaping metacharacters
Regular expression grouping
Precedence in regular expressions
Regular expression summary
Korn shell regular expressions
Using awk
Basic awk
Fields
Program structure
Running awk programs
Formatting awk output
Variables
Field variables
Built-in variables
User-defined variables
Number or string?
A handful of useful one-liners
Error messages
Patterns
Using simple patterns
BEGIN and END
Relational operators
Regular expressions
Combining patterns
Pattern ranges
Actions
Performing arithmetic
Functions
Using arithmetic functions
Using strings and string functions
Control flow statements
if statements
while statements
for statements
Flow control statements
Arrays
User-defined functions
Some lexical conventions
awk output
The print statement
Output separators
The printf statement
Output into files
Output into pipes
Input
Files and pipes
Input separators
Multiline records
Multiline records and the getline function
Command-line arguments
Using awk with other commands and the shell
The system function
Cooperation with the shell
Spanning multiple lines
Example applications
Generating reports
Word frequencies
Accumulation
Random choice
Shell facility
Manipulating text with sed
What is sed?
Using sed
Writing sed commands
How sed commands are carried out
Addresses
Line addresses
Context addresses
Functions
Whole-line oriented functions
Substitute functions
The transform function
Input-output functions
Multiple input-line functions
Hold and get functions
Flow-of-control functions
Comments in sed
Miscellaneous functions
An overview of the system
Origins of the UNIX system
The design of the UNIX operating system
The applications level
The system utilities
System services
The UNIX system kernel
How multi-tasking works
Memory management
The UNIX system life cycle
Understanding filesystems and devices
Files and filesystems
Device files
How to think about system tools
vi commands
DOS command equivalents
Sample shell startup files
The Bourne shell .profile
The Korn shell .profile and .kshrc
The C-shell .login and .cshrc
Further reading
Learning awk
Learning sed
Learning the shells
Learning the C programming language
Understanding the UNIX system
Glossary
Index